The Winners and Losers of Brain Drain in the Middle East Countries; With Emphasize on Human Capital

Document Type : Research/Original/Regular

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran

2 M.Sc., Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran

Abstract

For some years now, the phenomenon of brain drain in developing countries, and especially in the countries of the Middle East, has attracted the attention of economists. According to economic theories about the economic consequences of brain drain, there are two traditional views. The traditional view of brain drain is considered as a direct reduction of human capital, but in the new perspective, in addition to those considered in traditional perspectives, the positive effects of brain drain are also considered. The main reason for the discussion here is the positive role of brain drain in increasing the motivation to acquire education in the community, the transfer of knowledge and technology through the return of short-term immigration, the formation of the effects of immigration networks and returning income to countries of origin versus The negative impact of brain drain is the reduction of human capital in the country of origin. Therefore, in this research, the clarity of the importance and importance of the effects of brain drain on human capital accumulation, as well as judgments about the traditional and modern perspectives on the brain drain literature in Middle Eastern countries during the period 1991-2010, has been addressed. The results of the study show that the brain drain has a positive effect on the accumulation of human capital in the studied countries and at existing rates of brain drain, 9 countries benefited from brain drain and 5 affected countries. In addition, considering that Iran is suffering from brain drain, it is suggested that by creating favorable conditions for the elites, it is suggested that their survival coefficient in the country be provided.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

. حری، علیرضا، جلالی، سید عبدالمجید، و حمزه­نژاد، نسیم (1394). بررسی تأثیر فرار مغزها بر تولید و تجارت خارجی ایران با استفاده از یک مدل تعادل عمومی قابل محاسبه. فصل‌نامة نظریه­های کاربردی اقتصاد، سال 2، شمارة 1.
2. دهقان شبانی، زهرا، هادیان، ابراهیم، و نصیرزاده، فائزه (1395). تأثیر ترکیب سرمایة انسانی بر رشد منطقه­ای اقتصاد ایران: رویکرد داده­های تابلویی پویای فضایی. فصل‌نامةپژوهش‌هایاقتصادیایران، سال 21، شمارة 66.
3. رستمی حصوری، هاجر (1393). اثر مهاجرت نیروی انسانی متخصص (فرار مغزها) بر فقر در کشورهای در حال توسعه. سیاست­های مالی و اقتصادی، سال 2، شمارة 5، صفحات 104-93.
4. رنگریز، حسن (1386). جهانی‌شدن نیروی کار. چاپ اول، تهران: انتشارت چاپ و نشر بازرگانی.
5. سبحانی، حسن (1372). اقتصاد کار و نیروی انسانی. چاپ اول ، تهران: انتشارات سمت.
6. عسگری، حشمت‌اله، تقوی، مهدی، عسکری، منوچهر، و شاکری، عباس (1387). بررسی علل فرار مغزها از کشورهای در حال توسعه به کشورهای OECD در قالب مدل جاذبه. اقتصاد مقداری (بررسی­های اقتصادی سابق)، دورة 5، شمارة 2، صفحات 22-1.
7. Baltaghi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. 2end ed., London: Wiley and Sons.
8. Barro, R., & Sala-I-Martin, X. (1995). Economic growth. New York: McGraw-Hill,
9. Barro, R. J. (2000). Inequality and growth in a panel of countries. Journal of Economic Growth, 5, 5-32.
10.Barro, R. J., & Lee, J. W. (2000). International data on educational attainment: updates and implications. CID Working Paper, No.42.
11.Beine, M., Docquier, F., & Rapoport, H. (2006). Measuring international skilled migration, new estimates controlling for age of entry. Mimeo, Catholic University of Louvain, paper and Data set Available at: http://www.ires.ucl.ac.be/CSSSP/home_pa_pers/docquier/oxlight.htm.
12.Beine, M., Docquier, F., &  Schiff, M. (2006). Brain drain and its determinants: A major issue for small states. World Bank, development economics, research group.
13.Groizard, J. L., & Lull, J. (2006). Skilled Migration and Sending Economies. Testing Brain Drain and Drain Gain theories. DEA Working Papers.
14.Haque, N. U., & Kim, S. J. (1995). Human capital flight: impact of migration on income and growth. IMF Sta., 42, 577-607.
15.Johnson, J., & Regets, M. C. (1998). International mobility of scientists and engineers to theunited states – brain drain or brain circulation, national science foundation. Division of Science Resource Studies, Issue Brief, 22 June.
16.McCulloch, R., & Yellen, J. (1980). Factor market monopsony and the allocation of resources. Journal of International Economics, 237-247.
17.Miyagiwa, K. (1991). Scale economies in education and the brain drain problem. International Economic Review, 32, 743-759.
18.Mountford, A. (1997). Can a brain drain be good for growth in the source economy?. Journal of Development Economics, 53, 287-303.
19.Sgrignoli, P., Metulini, R., & Schiavo, S. (2015). The relation between global migration and trade networks. Journal of Elsevier,physica, 417, 245-260.
20.Vidal, J. P. (1999). The Effect of emigration on human capital formation. Journal of Population Economics, 23(5-6), 589–600.
21.Wong, K. Y., & Yip, C. K. (1999). Education, economic growth, and brain drain. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 23, 699-726.
Social Capital Management
Volume 4, Issue 4
January 2018
Pages 613-642

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics